Command-line Environment · the missing semester of your cs education

Command-line Environment · the missing semester of your cs education

一月 22, 2022

Command-line Environment · the missing semester of your cs education

Metadata:
- Link: missing.csail.mit.edu
- Date: 2022年01月20日 09:10:30
- Tags: #Annotation
- - [ ]
总结
- [[01. Linux 和命令行]]

Your shell is using a UNIX communication mechanism called a signal to communicate information to the process.

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In our case, when typing Ctrl-C this prompts the shell to deliver a SIGINT signal to the process.

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Signals can do other things beyond killing a process. For instance, SIGSTOP pauses a process. In the terminal, typing Ctrl-Z will prompt the shell to send a SIGTSTP signal, short for Terminal Stop (i.e. the terminal’s version of SIGSTOP).

We can then continue the paused job in the foreground or in the background using fg or bg, respectively.

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The jobs command lists the unfinished jobs associated with the current terminal session.

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More intuitively, you can also refer to a process using the percent symbol followed by its job number (displayed by jobs). To refer to the last backgrounded job you can use the $! special parameter.

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One more thing to know is that the & suffix in a command will run the command in the background, giving you the prompt back, although it will still use the shell’s STDOUT which can be annoying (use shell redirections in that case).

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To background an already running program you can do Ctrl-Z followed by bg. Note that backgrounded processes are still children processes of your terminal and will die if you close the terminal (this will send yet another signal, SIGHUP). To prevent that from happening you can run the program with nohup (a wrapper to ignore SIGHUP), or use disown if the process has already been started.

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$ sleep 1000
^Z
[1]  + 18653 suspended  sleep 1000

$ nohup sleep 2000 &
[2] 18745
appending output to nohup.out

$ jobs
[1]  + suspended  sleep 1000
[2]  - running    nohup sleep 2000

$ bg %1
[1]  - 18653 continued  sleep 1000

$ jobs
[1]  - running    sleep 1000
[2]  + running    nohup sleep 2000

$ kill -STOP %1
[1]  + 18653 suspended (signal)  sleep 1000

$ jobs
[1]  + suspended (signal)  sleep 1000
[2]  - running    nohup sleep 2000

$ kill -SIGHUP %1
[1]  + 18653 hangup     sleep 1000

$ jobs
[2]  + running    nohup sleep 2000

$ kill -SIGHUP %2

$ jobs
[2]  + running    nohup sleep 2000

$ kill %2
[2]  + 18745 terminated  nohup sleep 2000

$ jobs

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A special signal is SIGKILL since it cannot be captured by the process and it will always terminate it immediately. However, it can have bad side effects such as leaving orphaned children processes.

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You can learn more about these and other signals here or typing man signal or kill -l.

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Sessions - a session is an independent workspace with one or more windows

tmux starts a new session.

tmux new -s NAME starts it with that name.

tmux ls lists the current sessions

Within tmux typing <C-b> d detaches the current session

tmux a attaches the last session. You can use -t flag to specify which

Windows - Equivalent to tabs in editors or browsers, they are visually separate parts of the same session

<C-b> c Creates a new window. To close it you can just terminate the shells doing <C-d>

<C-b> N Go to the N th window. Note they are numbered

<C-b> p Goes to the previous window

<C-b> n Goes to the next window

<C-b> , Rename the current window

<C-b> w List current windows

Panes - Like vim splits, panes let you have multiple shells in the same visual display.

<C-b> " Split the current pane horizontally

<C-b> % Split the current pane vertically

<C-b> <direction> Move to the pane in the specified direction. Direction here means arrow keys.

<C-b> z Toggle zoom for the current pane

<C-b> [ Start scrollback. You can then press <space> to start a selection and <enter> to copy that selection.

<C-b> <space> Cycle through pane arrangements.

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ssh-keygen -o -a 100 -t ed25519 -f ~/.ssh/id_ed25519

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You should choose a passphrase, to avoid someone who gets hold of your private key to access authorized servers. Use ssh-agent or gpg-agent so you do not have to type your passphrase every time.

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A simpler solution can be achieved with ssh-copy-id where available:
ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_ed25519.pub foobar@remote

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The most common scenario is local port forwarding, where a service in the remote machine listens in a port and you want to link a port in your local machine to forward to the remote port. For example, if we execute jupyter notebook in the remote server that listens to the port 8888. Thus, to forward that to the local port 9999, we would do ssh -L 9999:localhost:8888 foobar@remote_server and then navigate to locahost:9999 in our local machine.

备注： port forward 对服务器来说用的很爽，也不会暴露不安全端口给公网，值得一记

However, there is a better alternative using ~/.ssh/config.

Host vm
    User foobar
    HostName 172.16.174.141
    Port 2222
    IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_ed25519
    LocalForward 9999 localhost:8888

# Configs can also take wildcards
Host *.mit.edu
    User foobaz

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